Iran Faces Nationwide Protests Amid Economic Crisis and Calls for Regime Change

In January 2026, Iran is engulfed in widespread protests that have escalated from economic grievances to a direct challenge against Supreme Leader Khamenei. Triggered by the declining value of the rial and soaring inflation, these protests have spread to over 100 cities, with demonstrators calling for regime change. The situation has led to significant casualties and government crackdowns, including an internet blackout. As the movement gains momentum, discussions about the potential return of exiled leader Reza Pahlavi arise, while experts warn of possible ethnic divisions and fragmentation. The world watches closely as Iran's future hangs in the balance.

By Narendra Chaudhary Jan 10, 2026, 16:54 IST

Escalating Protests in Iran

In January 2026, Iran is witnessing a surge in nationwide protests that have evolved from an economic crisis into a direct challenge against the regime of Supreme Leader Khamenei. This movement began in late December 2025, primarily fueled by the plummeting value of the Iranian rial, soaring inflation, and increasing difficulties in daily life. The protests have now spread across the country, impacting major cities such as Tehran, Kermanshah, Shiraz, and Mashhad. Demonstrators are openly chanting slogans like 'Death to the Dictator,' 'Khamenei Must Die,' 'Long Live the Shah,' and 'The Pahlavis Will Return.'

Current Situation (As of January 10, 2026)

The protests have persisted for over 14 days and have reached more than 100 cities.

Reports indicate that dozens have died due to security forces' actions, with estimates ranging from 45 to 200 fatalities, alongside hundreds injured and thousands arrested.

The government has imposed an internet blackout, severely restricting the flow of information.

Women are playing a significant role in the protests, with symbolic acts like lighting cigarettes from burning images of Khamenei gaining attention.

There have been reports of attacks on Khomeini's tomb and government buildings in some areas.

Possibility of Regime Change

This movement has shifted from seeking reforms to demanding a change in governance. Khamenei has labeled the protesters as 'vandals' and 'saboteurs,' blaming the United States and warning of severe repercussions. However, the Trump administration has made it clear that it will intervene to 'protect' peaceful protesters if lethal force is used against them.

Discussions are emerging about the potential return of exiled leader Reza Pahlavi, the heir to the Pahlavi dynasty, with some areas displaying the old 'Lion and Sun' flag. Experts suggest that if divisions arise within the security forces or if the protests continue for an extended period, a regime change could become feasible, although it has not yet reached a decisive turning point.

Ethnic Divisions and Risks of Fragmentation

Iran's population is diverse, totaling approximately 88 million:

Persians (61%) — Predominantly in the central region, holding significant power.
Azeris (Azerbaijani) — 16-18%.
Kurds — 10 million, mainly in the northwest, historically oppressed.
Baloch, Arabs, Turkmen — In border areas.

Protests are most intense in Kurdish regions (like Ilam and Kermanshah), where ethnic discontent and poverty are fueling unrest. Some experts warn that Khamenei's departure could lead to increased Kurdish separatism, raising the risk of the country fragmenting, especially if external powers (like the U.S.) intervene. However, Iran's multi-ethnic structure remains united for now, and the likelihood of complete disintegration is considered low, though regional instability may rise.

Public Discontent and Global Attention

The Iranian populace has grown weary of decades of oppressive policies, economic devastation, and foreign policy decisions (such as support for Hamas and Hezbollah). This movement appears to be larger than the 'Women, Life, Freedom' protests of 2022. The situation is precarious—the regime is under pressure, but a change in power cannot yet be confirmed. The world's eyes are focused on Tehran.