Understanding PCOD: A Growing Health Concern for Urban Women

Polycystic Ovarian Disorder (PCOD) is becoming a significant health issue for women in urban India, often overlooked due to a lack of awareness. This complex metabolic and hormonal disorder is linked to lifestyle factors such as sedentary habits, poor diet, and chronic stress. With a high prevalence among urban women, many remain undiagnosed, facing serious long-term health risks. Early intervention through lifestyle changes and medical guidance can significantly improve outcomes. Understanding the implications of PCOD and promoting awareness is crucial for women's health in today's fast-paced urban environment.

By Narendra Chaudhary Apr 21, 2026, 17:51 IST

Introduction to PCOD

Polycystic Ovarian Disorder (PCOD), often confused with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, is becoming a significant health issue for women in urban India. Once viewed as a minor reproductive concern, it is now acknowledged as a multifaceted metabolic and hormonal disorder shaped by lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions. With increasing urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and chronic stress, experts caution that many women may be at risk, often without their knowledge.

PCOD: Beyond Hormonal Imbalance

Understanding PCOD: More than a hormonal disorder

PCOD primarily affects women during their reproductive years and is marked by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple small cysts in the ovaries. However, its effects extend beyond reproductive health, being closely associated with insulin resistance, weight gain (particularly around the abdomen), acne, excessive hair growth, and mental health issues. Globally, the prevalence of PCOD is estimated to be between 10 to 13 percent, while in India, studies indicate a range from 3.7 to 22.5 percent, depending on the diagnostic criteria and population examined. This discrepancy highlights a critical issue: underdiagnosis and a lack of awareness. Dr. Anjali Kumar, Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at CK Birla Hospital, notes that as many as 70 percent of women with PCOS are unaware of their condition. Furthermore, risk factors such as insulin resistance and abdominal obesity are prevalent among urban Indian women.

Increased Risk for Urban Women

Why are urban Indian women at higher risk?

Urban lifestyles significantly contribute to the rising incidence of PCOD. Women living in cities often encounter a combination of risk factors:

Sedentary routines

Desk jobs and limited physical activity reduce insulin sensitivity.

Unhealthy diets

A high consumption of processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and sugars leads to metabolic imbalances.

Chronic stress

Work-related pressures and irregular schedules disrupt hormonal balance.

Sleep deprivation

Poor sleep quality negatively impacts endocrine function and weight management.

A recent study from Delhi-NCR revealed a prevalence rate of 17.4 percent among women aged 18 to 25, highlighting the vulnerability of young urban populations. Dr. Kumar emphasizes that urbanization has significantly increased the risk of PCOD in India, with research indicating that prevalence rates in urban areas are notably higher than in rural regions due to lifestyle factors.

The At-Risk Reality

The 8 in 10 at-risk reality

While not every woman will develop PCOD, a considerable number exhibit risk factors such as insulin resistance, central obesity, or hormonal imbalances. This leads to the phrase “8 in 10 at risk,” reflecting the widespread presence of underlying metabolic triggers. Many women may overlook early symptoms like irregular periods or acne, postponing diagnosis until complications arise. At the heart of PCOD is insulin resistance, where the body’s cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, resulting in elevated insulin levels that stimulate excess androgen production. This cascade of symptoms includes irregular ovulation, weight gain, and skin changes. Even women with a normal body mass index (BMI) can experience abdominal fat and metabolic dysfunction, making PCOD a “hidden” condition in many instances.

Long-Term Health Implications

Long-term health risks beyond fertility

PCOD is not solely about irregular periods or challenges with conception; it is a lifelong condition that poses serious health risks, including a heightened likelihood of Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, all of which can diminish quality of life. Neglecting PCOD can lead to a series of chronic health problems, making early detection and management vital. Dr. Kumar stresses that PCOD is more than just reproductive issues, as it can lead to increased risks of various health conditions and psychological repercussions.

Prevention and Management Strategies

What works for prevention and management?

Dr. Aastha Dayal, Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at CK Birla Hospital, emphasizes the importance of early intervention for positive outcomes. The good news is that lifestyle changes, regular screenings, and timely medical advice can significantly enhance outcomes and prevent long-term health issues. PCOD is highly manageable, especially with early intervention. Key lifestyle modifications include:

Regular physical activity: Enhances insulin sensitivity and hormone balance.
Balanced diet: Emphasizes low glycemic index foods, fiber, and healthy fats.
Weight management: A 5 to 10 percent reduction can greatly alleviate symptoms.
Quality sleep: Supports hormonal regulation and metabolic health.
Stress reduction: Practices like yoga, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques can be beneficial.

Medical treatments may involve hormonal therapy or insulin-sensitizing medications tailored to individual needs. Dr. Dayal advises that early diagnosis not only improves quality of life but also helps prevent long-term complications. Women should seek medical attention if they experience irregular or missed periods, persistent acne, excessive hair growth, or sudden weight changes. Screening may include hormonal tests, ultrasound imaging, and metabolic evaluations.

Addressing a Public Health Challenge

A growing public health concern

PCOD is increasingly recognized as a lifestyle disorder rather than merely a reproductive issue. As urbanization continues to transform daily life, the number of women at risk is likely to increase. Raising public awareness, implementing workplace wellness programs, and ensuring accessible healthcare screenings are crucial to tackling this growing epidemic. PCOD in urban India represents a silent yet significant health challenge. While not every woman will develop the condition, many carry risk factors that could lead to long-term complications if left unaddressed. The way forward is clear: fostering awareness, ensuring early detection, and promoting sustainable lifestyle changes. In today’s fast-paced urban environment, prioritizing hormonal and metabolic health is essential.